A 3200 year-old #Egyptian tablet shows, they took attendance at work and recorded absences and the reasons range from embalming relatives to brewing beer...

In a remarkable intersection of history and modernity, an ancient limestone tablet, dating back 3200 years, offers us a mesmerizing portal into the heartbeat of human existence—a connection between eras that spans millennia. At the core of this aged relic lies a revelation that transcends time: art of absence management is a practice deeply etched into the annals of human society. This historical artifact, affectionately referred to as an ostracon, bestows upon us a unique glimpse into the labor-management practices of ancient Egypt, unfolding during the illustrious reign of Ramses II, around 1250 BC.

As we embark on a journey through the corridors of time, deciphering the meticulously inscribed hieratic script on this aged tablet, we unearth not merely the labor patterns of a bygone era, but rather, an intricately woven tapestry of existence that mirrors the intricacies of modern-day work-life balance.

Calling in sick to work is apparently an ancient tradition. Whether its the sniffles or a scorpion bite, somedays you just can't make it. As it turns out, Ancient Egyptian employers kept track of employee days off in registers written on tablets. A tablet held by British Museum is an incredible window into ancient work-life balance. The 40 employees listed are marked for each day they missed, with reasons ranging from illness to family obligations.

The tablet, known as an ostracon, is made of limestone with New #Egyptian hieratic script inked in red and black. The days are marked by season and number, such as “month 4 of Winter, day 24.” On that date, a worker named Pennub missed work because his mother was ill. Other employees were absent due to their own illnesses. One Huynefer was frequently “suffering with his eye.” Seba, meanwhile, was bit by a scorpion. Several employees also had to take time off to embalm and wrap their deceased relatives.

Some reasons may seem strange to modern ears. “Brewing beer” is a common excuse. Beer was a daily fortifying drink in #Egypt and was even associated with gods such as Hathor. As such, brewing beer was a very important activity. Fetching stones or helping the scribe also took time in the workers' lives. Another reason is “wife or daughter bleeding.” This is a reference to menstruation. Clearly men were needed on the home front to pick up some slack during this time. While one's wife menstruating is not an excuse one hears nowadays, certainly the ancients seem to have had a similar work-life juggling act to perform.

Imagine standing amidst the sun-drenched landscapes of ancient Thebes, a city that once thrived along the fertile banks of the Nile, its heartbeat echoing through the bustling community of Deir el-Medina. Here, within the very heart of this historical tapestry, lies an artifact of profound significance, an ostracon, etched with ink and time, its surface bearing witness to the daily rhythms of labor and life in a world long past.

Intriguingly, it was amidst the #archaeological excavations of the 19th Dynasty settlement that this limestone tablet saw the light of day once again. Carefully unearthed from the layers of history, the ostracon emerged as a silent sentinel of antiquity, carrying with it the echoes of voices that toiled and triumphed over three millennia ago. The journey from its moment of creation, during reign of Ramses II around 1250 BC, to its rediscovery, offers a tangible connection to the aspirations, struggles, and dynamics of a workforce whose endeavors shaped the very foundations of ancient civilization.

📷 : A limestone ostracon, listing workers and their reasons for being absent on certain debates, mark dLabelled ‘Year 40' of Ramses II, 1250 BC. (📷© The Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

An aquamanile in the form of Aristotle and Phyllis :

In the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY, there is a bronze aquamanile, or water jug, dating from late 14th or early 15th Century AD.

The aquamanile depicts a woman riding an older man, with the old man on all his fours and the woman sitting on his back. With her right hand, she is grabbing a lock of hair on the old man’s head.

The woman in the sculpture is identified as Phyllis, and the old man is none other than the great Greek philosopher Aristotle. But how did Aristotle, one of the greatest thinkers of Classical antiquity, end up dominated and ridden like a horse?

According to this little-known tale, one of Aristotle’s favorite pupil, Alexander the Great, was smitten by a beautiful young woman named Phyllis. Aristotle, concerned that Alexander’s love for Phyllis was distracting him from his kingly duties, cautioned him and advised him to spend less time with the woman. In some versions of the story, Phyllis is the mistress of Alexander’s father, while in others she is Alexander’s lover.

Phyllis was hurt when Alexander began to shun her and became upset at Aristotle when she heard that it was the old man who had encouraged Alexander to do so. To exact revenge, Phyllis started flirting with Aristotle beguiling the old philosopher with her beauty. At last, unable to suppress his carnal desire, Aristotle begged Phyllis to spend a night together, to which Phyllis responded, “Certainly, but on one condition.”.

Phyllis demanded that Aristotle put on a saddle and bridle, and carry her around the garden like a horse. Meanwhile, Phyllis secretly told Alexander to be on a lookout over the garden. When Alexander saw his dignified old tutor crawling over the palace grounds with a bit in his mouth and Phyllis on his back brandishing a whip, he was shocked. He confronted his teacher, who sheepishly excused himself saying: “If thus it happened to me, an old man most wise, that I was deceived by a woman, you can see that I taught you well, that it could happen to you, a young man.”

The first metered taxicab took to the streets of New York City, August 13, 1907. Harry N. Allen was charged $5 - (roughly $127.00) in today’s dollars, for a journey of 0.75 miles. Incensed by this, he was inspired to start a taxicab service in New York and charge so- much per mile.

The Incas believed that after this life or kay Pacha the souls of the dead lived a new existence, they believed that the souls would return to life and that for this they would need their bodies, for this reason they kept their relatives mummified.

The mummy of the founding ancestor was known as a mallqui. Considered the most sacred of the Inca ancestors, the mallquis were treated with the utmost care and respect throughout the course of Inca history. The specialists in charge of the maintenance of these mummies were known as mallquipavillac. The Mallquis were considered to be descendants of huacas. They were located in caves or mountain sanctuaries known as Machay. Members of the ayllu frequented the mallquis in their tombs with offerings, changed their clothes, and took care of the general conservation and cleaning of the mummy and its surroundings.

During special religious and political ceremonies in Cuzco, the mallquis participate with the living ruler. Royal mummies have been actively involved in the political process, serving as advisors to the Sapa Inca and providing forecasts for future events. Royal mallquis were considered essential to the success of the empire, evidenced by their revered status.

Railway 'HOT BOX' Inspector.......
New York City 🇺🇸, 1935.

Passenger trains, as well as freight trains entering the station complex, had to slow down enough to be able to change direction. They had been operating at a much higher speed before reaching the place shown in the picture, meaning that the wheel bearings had been operating at higher speeds, creating more friction.

A bearing without enough lubrication would be smoky if it didn’t catch fire, and it was the inspector’s job to detect the smoke/fire from a “hot box” and report it so the train could stop and fix the problem.

Caerlaverock Castle, located near Dumfries in Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿, a striking triangular fortress dating back to 13th Century AD. Its unique shape and impressive moat make it a distinctive landmark, surrounded by beautiful countryside.

The castle has a rich history, playing a key role in various conflicts, including the Wars of Scottish Independence. Visitors can explore the well-preserved ruins, which include a drawbridge and an impressive gatehouse, while enjoying scenic views of the surrounding landscape.

A newly deciphered manuscript dating back 1600 years has been determined to be the oldest record of Jesus Christ's childhood, experts said in a news release. (13, June, 2024)

The piece of papyrus has been stored in a university library in Hamburg, Germany, for decades, historians at Humboldt University announced. The document "remained unnoticed" until Dr. Lajos Berkes, from Germany's Institute for Christianity and Antiquity at Humboldt University in Berlin, and professor Gabriel Nocchi Macedo, from Belgium's University of Liège, studied it and identified it as the earliest surviving copy of the "Infancy Gospel of Thomas," a document detailing Jesus Christ's childhood.

The translation marks a "significant discovery for the research field," Humboldt University said. Until now, it was believed that the earliest version of this gospel was a codex from the 11th Century AD. The document translated by Berkes and Macedo was dated between 4th-5th Century. The stories in the document are not in the Bible, the news release said, but the papyrus contains anecdotes that would have been widely shared in the Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The few words on the fragment describe a "miracle" that Jesus performed as a child, according to the Gospel of Thomas, which says he brought clay figures of birds to life.

The document was written in Greek, Macedo said, confirming for researchers that the gospel was originally written in that language. The fragment contains 13 lines in Greek letters and originates from late antique Egypt, according to the news release.

The papyrus went ignored for so long because past researchers considered it "insignificant," the news release said. New technology helped Berkes and Macedo decipher the language on the fragment and compare it to other early Christian texts. "It was thought to be part of an everyday document, such as a private letter or a shopping list, because the handwriting seems so clumsy," Berkes said in the news release. "We first noticed the word Jesus in the text. Then, by comparing it with numerous other digitised papyri, we deciphered it letter by letter and quickly realised that it could not be an everyday document."

Macedo and Berkes said in the news release that they believe the gospel was created as a writing exercise in a school or monastery. That would explain the clumsy handwriting and irregular lines, they said.

#archaeohistories

The Hussite Wars introduced a concept that remains impactful to this day: wagon forts.

Amidst the tumult of medieval warfare, the Hussites had an ingenious adaptation of conventional resources for strategic gain. These humble wagons were transformed into agile strongholds, revealing a level of tactical thinking that caught their adversaries off guard.

Wagon forts embodied the fusion of mobility and defense. Typically arranged in circular or semi-circular formations, these fortified enclosures allowed the Hussites to establish defensive positions. The wagons were placed strategically, forming a barrier that shielded the troops within. This mobile shield-wall could be repositioned to adapt to changing battlefield dynamics, offering both protection and tactical flexibility. These mobile strongholds effectively disrupted the conventional strategies of their opponents, creating confusion and hesitation.

Wagon forts were constructed using a variety of wagons, ranging from transport to supply carriages. They were typically linked together with chains, interlocking wheels, or other connectors, creating a cohesive defensive structure. The wagons themselves were positioned side by side, forming a continuous barrier. While historical records vary, estimates suggest that each wagon fort could consist of anywhere from a dozen to over a hundred wagons, depending on the scale of the battle and available resources.

The fusion of mobility and defense, coupled with adaptability, remains a cornerstone of effective warfare. These insights continue to inspire modern military thinkers, highlighting the potency of unorthodox tactics.

© My Lineage

ROMA E L'EBRAISMO IN ETA' IMPERIALE

"These rites," writes Tacitus, "no matter how they were introduced, find justification in their antiquity. The other practices are perverse and infamous and were imposed due to their depravity. In fact, the worst scum of this world, after having renounced their native religions , brought tribute and money there: in this way the power of the Jews grew, also because among themselves they are always very loyal and very available for mutual aid, while they reserve their harshest hatred for everyone else."

Tacitus's very harsh words towards the Jews (book V of the Books) cannot be understood without contextualising the Roman-Jewish relations of the period. Tacitus writes at the beginning of Trajan's reign, about thirty years after the great Jewish revolt tamed by Titus and the destruction of the Temple. Before that date, relations between Rome and the Jews were essentially correct and peaceful, with the exception of a few episodes.

Rome in fact recognized large autonomy to the Jews: the peculiarities and oddities of Jewish monotheism were accepted because, as Tacitus writes, "antiquitate defenduntur", "they were defended by their antiquity" (a factor that Christians, however, would not be able to invoke in that period).

Jews were, for example, exempt from military service and from sacrifice to pagan gods. Above all, Rome allowed the Jews to fully carry out their religious holidays, which had their epicenter in the Temple of Jerusalem, to which Jews from every part of the empire sent an annual donation.

These were no small concessions because (contrary to what we often read) Judea was not a poor, desolate and forgotten province but, although it pales in comparison to neighboring Syria and Egypt, it was a fertile land, densely populated (given the divine commandment of "multiply" and the prohibition of abortion), enriched by the cultivation of balsam and made very rich thanks to aforementioned donations from the Jews to the Temple.

One of the few tangible signs of Rome's dominion was the inclusion of the emperor's name in the prayers addressed to God (it was precisely the interruption of this invocation that marked the beginning of the revolt in 66) during the daily sacrifices in the Temple.

All this ended with the revolt of 66-70 AD, whose genesis (also caused by the senseless rapacity of various Roman prosecutors) and whose development would take up many pages. At the end of one of the bloodiest wars of all times, however, the Temple was a pile of ruins, Jerusalem devastated and militarily occupied by a legion and Judea depopulated. What was exceptional, however, by Roman standards, was the failure to rebuild the Temple.

The Jews had a new status within the empire: subjects like the others, free to profess their own religion, but without what was its center and, above all, subject to a tax as famous as it was infamous: the fiscus iudaicus. The donations, once directed to the cult of the Temple, were now directed to the imperial treasury (some Egyptian papyri testify to the meticulousness with which the tax was collected).

The Jews rebelled twice more: in 115-117 AD, during Trajan's Parthian campaigns, and a few years later (132-135 AD) under Hadrian. The result of these further and ruinous wars was the total removal of the Jewish people from Jerusalem, which became a Roman military colony, first pagan and then Christian, with the name of Aelia Capitolina and would be known as such for many centuries. A temple to Capitoline Jupiter arose on the Temple Mount, adorned with some large statues of Hadrian.

These events were decisive not only for ancient history, but have had consequences on all subsequent eras, up to the present day.

#archaeohistories