#American military leaders are speaking more openly than ever about fighting in space — not just defending it.

At the annual Space Symposium last month, senior officials conveyed a sharper posture focused on “space superiority,” a term rooted in military doctrine that means U.S. forces must be able to operate satellites in orbit without interference, and deny that advantage to enemies.

“Space superiority is now a prerequisite for battlefield success,” Gen. Chance Saltzman, the Space Force’s chief of space operations, said in a keynote speech. “So regardless of whether or not you believe space superiority will win the next war, it must be recognized that we will most certainly lose without it.”

After decades of treating space primarily as a support domain for earthbound operations, the new rhetoric reflects a broader transformation in U.S. space strategy, one that increasingly views space as a dynamic, contested domain in which the ability to maneuver — and, if needed, strike — is essential.

“Potential adversaries have realized the unique strategic advantage of space superiority,” Saltzman added, given how much military forces depend on satellites for communication, navigation, surveillance and missile warning. “They know, as we do, that control of the ultimate high ground is critical to success in all the other domains.”

Gen. Stephen Whiting, the new head of U.S. Space Command, put it bluntly: “Without space-based capabilities, the joint force cannot shoot, cannot move and cannot communicate the way they need to at the speed and scale necessary to win on the modern battlefield.”

War in space is not inevitable, said Whiting, “but we must apply our best thinking to be ready. There is no longer any debate that space is a warfighting domain.”
A change in the rhetoric

The military often described space as “congested and contested” — carefully calibrated language that avoided open discussion of offensive capabilities.

Lt. Gen. Shawn Bratton, the Space Force’s deputy chief of space operations for strategy, plans, programs and requirements, acknowledged that the culture has changed. “We’re moving past ‘protect and defend’ and yeah, we’re going to talk about offensive capabilities in space,” he told reporters.

Just days after the Space Symposium, the Space Force released its most explicit blueprint yet for how it plans to defend American satellites — and, if necessary, take aim at enemy space systems — in the event of conflict.

The document, titled “Space Warfighting: A Framework for Planners,” outlines how U.S. forces might assert control of the orbital high ground through a range of offensive and defensive operations, reflecting an evolution in how the military thinks about warfare beyond Earth.

“This document is very specific to space superiority,” said Bratton.

He said the sharpened tone aligns with a broader Pentagon push to instill what military leaders refer to as a “warfighting ethos” — a cultural emphasis on readiness, combat effectiveness and the willingness to engage adversaries directly when necessary.

“We have a new administration that has us very focused on this,” Bratton said. “We’ve got a Secretary of Defense who’s very interested in warfighting ethos and lethality.”
Commercial technology for space dominance

A strategic shift toward space control and superiority, however, will require more than rhetoric. It will also require tangible hardware in orbit. That means deploying systems capable of maneuvering, inspecting and potentially neutralizing other satellites.

Some of the technologies the Space Force is considering for its future arsenal are emerging from the commercial sector, where companies have developed dual-use platforms for satellite servicing, debris removal and space traffic control. Tools such as robotic arms that can grab and relocate spacecraft, autonomous docking and refueling systems, in-space propulsion modules and sensors capable of peering inside satellites can be adapted for defense missions, offering the military a faster and often cheaper path to deploying capabilities that would take years to develop from scratch.

#WASHINGTON — A change in engines will cause the launch of a lunar lander being built for a #NASA-funded mission to slip from 2026 to 2027.

In a May 9 statement, ispace U.S., the American subsidiary of Japan’s ispace, said it will use a new engine called VoidRunner for its Apex 1.0 lunar lander. That lander is being developed by ispace U.S. for a team led by Draper flying a mission that is part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program.

The company previously planned to use an engine from Agile Space Industries called A2200, a bipropellant engine that produces about 2,200 newtons (500 pounds-force) of thrust. However, ispace U.S. said that after a review with Agile, the companies concluded the A2200 “would not be supplied within the originally planned procurement schedule.”

VoidRunner is an engine jointly developed by ispace U.S. and Agile, using a valve system created internally by ispace U.S. The companies did not disclose technical details about the engine beyond that it requires one-fourth the parts “and enabled simplifications to the vehicle-level architecture.” The engine has been test-fired by Agile in a vacuum test stand, the companies noted.

However, switching engines will require changes to the lander design. As a result, ispace U.S. said the launch of what it calls Mission 3 would slip from 2026 to 2027.

“Agile is committed to ensuring our technology fully empowers ispace’s Mission 3 to success. We were confident that VoidRunner meets ispace U.S.’s performance expectations but also drives long-term efficiency,” Chris Pearson, chief executive of Agile Space Industries, said in a statement.

“We are confident in the new propulsion system and renewed collaboration with Agile,” added Elizabeth Kryst, chief executive of ispace U.S., in the same statement.

The Mission 3 lander will be used for a CLPS mission called CP-12 by NASA, with Draper as the lead. The spacecraft will land in Schrödinger Basin on the far side of the moon carrying seismometers, an instrument to measure heat flow in the moon’s interior and sensors to measure electrical and magnetic fields at the lunar surface. NASA awarded Draper the $73 million task order for the CP-12 mission in 2022, then planned for launch in 2025.

Besides the lander, the mission will include two satellites, called Alpine and Lupine, that will serve as communications relays for the lander, which will be out of sight from the Earth on the lunar farside. The satellites, developed by ispace U.S. using buses provided by Blue Canyon Technologies, will be available for other uses after the end of the CP-12 mission.

In a NASA presentation at the Lunar Surface Science Workshop online May 7, the CP-12 mission was still listed as having a launch in the fourth quarter of 2026. It was touted as one of three CLPS missions projected to launch in 2026, along with Intuitive Machines’ IM-3 mission and Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost 2. With the delay in CP-12, Blue Ghost 2 is now in line to be the first CLPS mission to attempt a landing on the lunar farside.

While ispace U.S. is working with Draper for this CLPS mission, it is pursuing other opportunities to be involved in CLPS. The company announced April 8 a partnership with Redwire to collaborate on lunar lander missions, including the CLPS program. Redwire is a part of CLPS through its 2020 acquisition of Deep Space Systems, one of the nine original companies selected by NASA to participate in the program in 2018, but has yet to win a CLPS task order.

#WASHINGTON — In a reversal, White House plans to retain the National Space Council, a move that industry officials say could serve as an advocate for space amid pressures to cut budgets.

The White House is expected in the coming weeks to formally announce the National Space Council will continue after speculation that it would not be retained by the new Trump administration. Politico first reported on the move.

A source familiar with the discussions about the council, but not authorized to speak on the record, said that President Trump agreed at a May 5 meeting to stand up the council. That meeting did not give a timeline for publicly announcing the council or hiring an executive secretary who would handle day-to-day operations, although others have said the process for selecting an executive secretary has been ongoing for several weeks.

The council had been inactive for nearly a quarter of a century before Trump reestablished it in 2017. Led at the time by Vice President Mike Pence, the council served as an interagency coordinating body, holding a series of public meetings and releasing policies on a wide range of space issues.

The Biden administration retained the council, with Vice President Kamala Harris leading it. The council had a lower public profile with fewer meetings and policies. It did work on coordinating policies among agencies and issued a proposal for “mission authorization” of novel space activities not currently licensed, although its proposed legislation was not taken up by Congress.

The new Trump administration reportedly was not interested in maintaining the council when it took office in January, with no announcements of new staff for the council or other activities. According to some reports, Elon Musk, chief executive of SpaceX and a close adviser to the president, was opposed to the council, seeing it as unnecessary. Vice President JD Vance, who would chair the council, has also said little about space.

It is not clear what prompted the change, although Musk has publicly stated he plans to spend less time in government activities. Some in the space community, though, see the shift as an opportunity for more advocacy of space within the administration, particularly given a fiscal year 2026 budget proposal that cuts NASA’s budget by nearly 25%.

One industry official noted that the budget proposal was developed by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) without a counterweight provided by a space council, an approach that prioritized spending reductions. The outcome might be different with the space council in place, that person noted, citing rising NASA budgets during Trump’s first term.

“After the space council is stood up, OMB will have a seat at the table, but they won’t own the table,” the source said.

Rocket Lab says its planned acquisition of a German optical communications supplier is key to its plans for both bidding on large constellations and eventually developing its own.

In a May 8 earnings call to discuss the company’s first quarter financial results, Rocket Lab executives said work to close its latest deal, the acquisition of optical communications terminal supplier Mynaric, was “progressing well” towards closing it later this year.

Rocket Lab announced March 11 its agreement to acquire Mynaric for an initial $75 million plus up to $75 million in additional payments tied to revenue targets. The deal depends on Mynaric completing a restructuring process under German law that started in February and is ongoing.

“There’s a couple regulatory processes that you’ve got to get there, but the first is to get through the bankruptcy process,” Adam Spice, chief financial officer of Rocket Lab, said of Mynaric. The timing of resolving those regulatory processes is uncertain, he said, “but everything seems to be on track.”

Mynaric ran into financial problems that triggered the restructuring because of problems producing its laser terminals, which Rocket Lab believes it can correct. “The biggest issue is just production, and that’s an area where we’re very, very strong in,” said Peter Beck, chief executive of Rocket Lab.

Private Japanese lunar lander enters orbit around moon ahead of a June touchdown

Scientists say they’ve found another source of gold in the #cosmos.

#Astronomers have been trying to determine the cosmic origins of the heaviest elements, like gold, for decades. Now, new research based on a signal uncovered in archival space mission data may point to a potential clue: magnetars, or highly magnetized neutron stars.

Scientists believe lighter elements such as hydrogen and helium, and even a small amount of lithium, likely existed early on after the big bang created the universe 13.8 billion years ago.

Then, exploding stars released heavier elements like iron, which became incorporated in newborn stars and planets. But the distribution of gold, which is heavier than iron, throughout the universe has posed a mystery to astrophysicists.

“It’s a pretty fundamental question in terms of the origin of complex matter in the universe,” said Anirudh Patel, lead author of the study published Tuesday in The Astrophysical Journal Letters and a doctoral student of physics at Columbia University in New York City, in a statement. “It’s a fun puzzle that hasn’t actually been solved.”

Previously, the cosmic production of gold has only been linked to neutron star collisions.

Astronomers observed a collision between two neutron stars in 2017. The cataclysmic clash released ripples in space-time, known as gravitational waves, as well as light from a gamma-ray burst. The collision event, known as a kilonova, also created heavy elements like gold, platinum and lead. Kilonovas have been likened to gold “factories” in space.

It is believed that most neutron stars mergers occurred only in the past several billion years, said study coauthor Eric Burns, assistant professor and astrophysicist at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.

But previously indecipherable 20-year-old data from NASA and European Space Agency telescopes suggests that flares from magnetars that formed much earlier — during the infancy of the universe — may have provided another way for the creation of gold, Burns said.
Quakes on stars

Neutron stars are the remnants of the cores from exploded stars, and they are so dense that 1 teaspoon of the star’s material would weigh 1 billion tons on Earth. Magnetars are an extremely bright type of neutron star with an incredibly powerful magnetic field.

Astronomers are still trying to work out exactly how magnetars form, but they theorize that the first magnetars likely appeared just after the first stars within about 200 million years of the beginning of the universe, or about 13.6 billion years ago, Burns said.

Occasionally, magnetars unleash a bonanza of radiation due to “starquakes.”

On Earth, earthquakes occur because Earth’s molten core causes motion in the planet’s crust, and when enough stress builds up, it results in volatile movement, or the ground quaking beneath your feet. Starquakes are similar, Burns said.

“Neutron stars have a crust and a superfluid core,” Burns said in an email. “The motion under the surface builds up stress on the surface, which can eventually cause a starquake. On magnetars these starquakes produce very short bursts of X-rays. Just like on Earth, you (have) periods where a given star is particularly active, producing hundreds or thousands of flares in a few weeks. And similarly, every once in a while, a particularly powerful quake occurs.”

The researchers found evidence suggesting that a magnetar unleashes material during a giant flare, but they didn’t have a physical explanation for the ejection of the star’s mass, Patel said.

It’s likely that the flares heat and eject the crust material at high speeds, according to recent research by several coauthors of the new study, including Patel’s adviser Brian Metzger, a professor of physics at Columbia University and senior research scientist at the Flatiron Institute in New York City.

“They hypothesized that the physical conditions of this explosive mass ejection were promising for the production of heavy elements,” Patel said.
Tracing a stellar signal

The research team was curious to see whether there might be a connection between the radiation from magnetar flares and the formation of heavy elements. The scientists searched for evidence in wavelengths of visible and ultraviolet light. But Burns wondered whether the flare might create a traceable gamma ray as well.

He looked at gamma ray data from the last observed giant magnetar flare, which appeared in December 2004 and was captured by the now retired INTEGRAL, or INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, mission. Astronomers had found and characterized the signal, but did not know how to interpret it at the time, Burns said.

The prediction from the model proposed by Metzger’s previous research closely matched the signal from the 2004 data. The gamma ray resembled what the team proposed the creation and distribution of heavy elements would look like in a giant magnetar flare.

Data from NASA’s retired RHESSI, or Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager, and the Wind satellite also supported the team’s findings. Long-term federally funded research enabled the discovery, Burns said.

“When initially building our model and making our predictions back in December 2024, none of us knew the signal was already in the data. And none of us could have imagined that our theoretical models would fit the data so well. It was quite an exciting holiday season for all of us,” Patel said. “It very cool to think about how some of the stuff in my phone or my laptop was forged in this extreme explosion (over) the course of our galaxy’s history.”

Dr. Eleonora Troja, an associate professor at the University of Rome who led the discovery of X-rays emitted by the neutron star collision in 2017, said the evidence for heavy element creation from the magnetar event “is in no way comparable to the evidence collected in 2017.” Troja was not involved in the new study.

“The production of gold from this magnetar is a possible explanation for its gamma-ray glow, one among many others as the paper honestly discusses at its end,” Troja said.

Troja added that magnetars are “very messy objects.” Given that producing gold can be a tricky process that requires specific conditions, it’s possible that magnetars could add too much of the wrong ingredients, such as an excess of electrons, to the mix, resulting in light metals like zirconium or silver, rather than gold or uranium.

“Therefore, I wouldn’t go so far as to say that a new source of gold has been discovered,” Troja said. “Rather, what’s been proposed is an alternative pathway for its production.”

The researchers believe that magnetar giant flares could be responsible for up to 10 per cent of elements heavier than iron in the Milky Way galaxy, but a future mission could provide a more precise estimate, Patel said.

NASA’s Compton Spectrometer and Imager mission, or COSI, expected to launch in 2027, could follow up on the study’s findings. The wide-field gamma-ray telescope is designed to observe giant magnetar flares and identify elements created within them. The telescope could help astronomers search for other potential sources of heavy elements across the universe, Patel said.

#NASA to continue Lunar Trailblazer recovery efforts through mid-June .

NASA will continue efforts to restore contact with the Lunar Trailblazer spacecraft through mid-June, holding out hope that it can still conduct its mission to search for water ice on the moon.

In an April 30 statement, #NASA said conditions should be favorable in May and the first half of June for Lunar Trailblazer to generate power and reactivate its radio, potentially enabling controllers to restore the spacecraft and carry out its original mission.

The small spacecraft launched as a secondary payload Feb. 26 on the Falcon 9 carrying the IM-2 lunar lander for Intuitive Machines. Contact with the spacecraft was lost less than 12 hours after launch, though, and has not been restored except for a brief period the day after launch.

NASA concluded that the spacecraft was “spinning slowly in a low-power state” that kept it from communicating as well as performing the maneuvers needed to enter orbit around the moon. Before the April 30 statement, the most recent update was March 12, when NASA said the prime science mission for Lunar Trailblazer “is no longer possible” but that there could be alternative missions.

“We know the position of Lunar Trailblazer from ground-based astronomy and we can model its spin and orientation based on those observations,” said Louise Prockter, director of NASA’s planetary science division, during an April 30 meeting of the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG). “Right now, it doesn’t look like enough sunlight is getting to the spacecraft’s solar panels.”

#Europe begins probing SES–Intelsat merger on competition grounds.

European regulators have launched a preliminary investigation into Luxembourg satellite fleet operator SES’ multi-billion-dollar plan to buy U.S.-based rival Intelsat.

The European Commission set a June 10 deadline to decide whether to clear the deal with or without conditions, or open a full-scale, potentially four-month-long probe into any serious concerns about its effects on competition.

SES CEO Adel Al-Saleh told analysts during the company’s April 30 earnings call that the operator anticipates closing the transaction early in a previously forecasted window of the second half of 2025.

The United Kingdom’s Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) started reviewing the deal earlier this month, setting a June 12 deadline for its initial investigation.

The CMA could also choose to initiate a more detailed analysis of the merger, which John Worthy, a partner at law firm Fieldfisher, said is typically concluded within 24 weeks but may be extended by up to eight more weeks.

Amazon launches its first internet #satellites to compete against SpaceX’s Starlinks

Interference with Global Positioning System satellite signals has become a routine feature of military conflict across the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and parts of Asia, according to a new report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies. The findings signal rising risks for both commercial and military actors in orbit.

CSIS on April 25 released its latest Space Threat Assessment report, outlining trends in so-called “counterspace” activity — efforts by nations to disrupt, degrade or destroy satellites. It identifies Russia and Israel as primary actors in widespread GPS spoofing campaigns tied to ongoing military operations in Ukraine and Gaza.

“The past year mostly witnessed a continuation of the worrisome trends discussed in prior reports,” CSIS said, including sophisticated jamming and spoofing, more advanced satellite maneuvering, and mounting threats to commercial space systems used by governments.

GPS spoofing — where false signals are broadcast to mislead navigation systems — has been widely reported in areas near conflict zones, disrupting civilian and military operations alike. The tactic, once rare, is now a normalized tool of hybrid warfare.

In low and geostationary orbits, Chinese and Russian satellites continue to demonstrate precise and complex maneuvers that signal growing operator proficiency. These tactics, CSIS said, have clear implications for space warfighting and may enable nations to conduct covert surveillance or disrupt rival systems.
Worries about nukes in space

One of the more alarming developments cited in the report is Russia’s suspected testing of a space-based nuclear anti-satellite weapon. Satellite Cosmos-2553 is believed to have served as a testbed. If deployed, such a weapon could cripple large portions of low Earth orbit, potentially rendering the region unusable “for some period of time.”

Commercial companies supporting government users — especially those contracted by defense agencies — are increasingly being treated as military targets. The report notes that Russia has openly warned that it considers such assets legitimate during conflict, reflecting a broader trend where the line between civilian and military infrastructure in space is blurring.

State-sponsored cyber threats from Iran, China, and North Korea also featured in the report, including espionage efforts and supply chain attacks targeting the space industry. CSIS cautioned that attributing such operations remains difficult, complicating response strategies.

As space becomes more contested, U.S. policy is shifting. The U.S. Space Force has stepped up its rhetoric, signaling a readiness to conduct both defensive and offensive operations in orbit. “The normalization of space as a military operational domain and its integral role in joint operations mean that space is fair game during conflict,” the report states.

CSIS concludes that space is becoming “a more dangerous place,” increasingly intertwined with both peacetime and wartime strategies. With nations racing to develop dual-use systems and counterspace capabilities, the prospect of miscalculation or escalation is growing.

“Warfighting will happen in, through, and from space,” the report warns. “A future peer-on-peer conflict may very well bring disruption and destruction to space on the same scale that it would bring to other places closer to Earth.”